|
 |
| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
|
| Year : 2012 | Volume
: 2
| Issue : 1 | Page : 45-48 |
|
|
Prevalence and intensity of gastro-intestinal helminths in horses in the Sudano-Guinean climatic zone of Cameroon
Mbafor Fidelia Lem1, Khan Payne Vincent1, Josue Wabo Pone1, Tchoumboue Joseph2
1 Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, PO Box 067 Dschang, Cameroon
2 Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, PO Box 222 Dschang, Cameroon
| Date of Acceptance | 24-Jan-2012 |
| Date of Web Publication | 16-Jun-2012 |
Correspondence Address:
Mbafor Fidelia Lem
Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, PO Box 067 Dschang
Cameroon
  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/2229-5070.97239 PMID: 23508513 
 Abstract | | |
Background: It is important to understand the biology and health impact of parasites affecting horses in the Western highlands of Cameroon. Aim: to evaluate the prevalence and intensity of infection of gastrointestinal helminths in these animals. Materials and Methods: A total of 894 horses (367 males and 527 females), and aged ≤1 to ≥7 years old were examined. A parasitological investigation of faeces was carried out using two techniques: concentration method of Full Born Willis (flotation in saturated solution of sodium chloride) and Mc Master Technique. Results and conclusions: From the results the overall prevalence was 100%. Nine species of nematode (Parascaris equorum, Oxyuris equi, Habronema sp., Strongyloides westeri, Dictyocaulus arnfieldi, Trichostrongylus axei, Cyathostome sp., Triodontophorus sp., Strongylus sp.) were identified with the prevalence of 18.48%, 16.94%, 2.99%, 6.05%, 5.22%, 7.75%, 12.49%, 1.09%, and 22.26%, respectively, and one species of cestode (Anoplocephala magna) with a prevalence of 6.73%. Strongylus sp. had the highest mean intensity of infection (1270±942) in female horses. Poly-parasitic infections (92.28%) were more common than mono-parasitic infections (7.72%). Keywords: Coprology, helminths, horses, intensity, parasites, prevalence
How to cite this article:
Lem MF, Vincent KP, Pone JW, Joseph T. Prevalence and intensity of gastro-intestinal helminths in horses in the Sudano-Guinean climatic zone of Cameroon. Trop Parasitol 2012;2:45-8 |
How to cite this URL:
Lem MF, Vincent KP, Pone JW, Joseph T. Prevalence and intensity of gastro-intestinal helminths in horses in the Sudano-Guinean climatic zone of Cameroon. Trop Parasitol [serial online] 2012 [cited 2021 Jul 31];2:45-8. Available from: https://www.tropicalparasitology.org/text.asp?2012/2/1/45/97239 |
| Introduction | |  |
Horses and humans interact in many ways including a wide variety of sports competition, police work, agriculture, entertainment and warfare. The transport of horses across national boundaries for shows and performance competitions make the issue of worm control and containment of resistant strains a matter of global importance. [1] Many products are derived from horses including meat, milk, hair, bones, blood, hooves, and pharmaceuticals. For this reason, this industry deserves the attention of the general public and the government. This new situation requires more information about the sanitary status of these animals and the appropriate measures for ensuring that the horses are in an adequate fitness condition. Among the diseases affecting horses, helminth infections are much extended. [2] These parasites continue to be a significant threat to the health of horses. The nature or extent of damage varies with the parasites. [3] They cause loss of nutrients, blood and serious economic losses. In Kenya, for example, the economic loss to the agricultural sector due to Haemonchus contortus parasite of small ruminants was estimated at US$ 26 million per year. [4] The control of nematodes in horses has been challenging for some years and there is general recognition that improvements should be made to commonly used worm control programmes. These improvements should be based on scientific knowledge of the parasites, appropriate diagnostic techniques and should take into account the presence or potential selection for resistance to available anthelmintics. [1] Horses of all ages are affected without sex or breed susceptibility. [5] There is, therefore, a need to understand the current status of the prevalence and intensity of infection of helminths in horses in the Western highlands of Cameroon, in order to establish a control program to improve their productivity.
| Study Site and Methods | | |
Period and study site
This study was carried out from March to November 2009 on horses coming from six localities (Fongo-Tongo, Fokoue, Dschang), Western Region and also from Banso, Fundong and Acha in the Northwest Region of Cameroon. Its coordinates lie between latitude 5°N and 10°E. The temperature varies between 15.4°C and 25°C, the relative humidity (RH) ranges from 64.3% and 97% and the annual rainfall ranges from 6.2 mm in January to 320.2 mm in August. The soil is mostly lateritic, feralitic and volcanic in some areas and the climate is the Sudano-Guinean type (Office de Tourisme de Dschang, 2009). As concern the North West Region, it lies between latitude 6°N and longitude 10°E. The temperature varies between 20°C and 22°C, while the annual rainfall varies between 1780 and 2290 mm. The soil type is humic and ferralitic. It has a relative humidity of 82.7%. In these areas two season are predominant; a long rainy season from mid-March to mid-November, and a short dry season from mid-November to mid-March.
| Methods | | |
Collection of faecal samples
Fresh faeces were collected with gloved hands, placed in plastic bags and labeled with the age and sex of the animals, date, time and month of collection. The specimens obtained from horses were immediately transported in ice bag to the Laboratory of Animal Health of the University of Dschang. Faeces were analyzed immediately or within 48 hours after being stored in the refrigerator at +4°C. For each specimen, a systematic macroscopic analysis was done to register the consistency of the faecal material, element present in the faeces such as mucus, blood and eventually worms (Taenia segment, adults of round worms) were also registered as outlined. Faeces were then analysed by the flotation technique using the saturated salt solution as described. [6],[7] The Mc Master technique was performed to evaluate the parasitic load. Identification of the different parasitic stages was done using the morphological characteristic such as, the form, the length, the nature of the egg shell and the identification key. In addition, parasite stages were measured using an ocular micrometer.
Statistical analysis
The Chi-square and analysis of variance (ANOVA) one way tests respectively were used to compare the prevalence and the mean intensity of infections of different gastrointestinal helminths with respect to each locality, age and sex of animal at the P<0.05 significance level.
| Results | | |
Eight hundred seventeen horses came from the Northwest and 77 from the West Region with a parasitic prevalence of 91.39% and 8.61% respectively. Nine species of nematodes (Parascaris equorum, Oxyuris equi, Habronema sp., Strongyloides westeri, Dictyocaulus arnfieldi, Trichostrongylus axei, Cyathostome sp., Triodontophorus sp., Strongylus sp. and one species of cestode (Anoplocephala magna) were identified in all six localities [Figure 1]. Independent of locality Strongylus sp. (21.6%) had the highest prevalence, followed by P. equorum (18.8%), O. equi (15.2%), Cyathostome sp. (12.6%), T. axei (10.6%), A. magna (6.3%), D. arnfieldi (5.3%), S. westeri (4.9%), Habronema sp. (2.8%), and Triodontophorus sp. (2%). P. equorum had its highest prevalence in horses coming from Fongo-Tongo and Fundong (20.9%). The same finding was observed in horses coming from Acha (18%), Banso (17.9%), Dschang (17.6%) and Fokoue (17.4%).The prevalence of O. equi was highest in horses coming from Acha (21.2%), followed by those coming from Banso (19.6%), Fundong (16.5%) while, horses coming from Fongo-Tongo (12.3%), Dschang (11.6%), and Fokoue (9.9%) were similarly infected by the same parasite. From this study, we noticed that some parasites prefer horses of a particular age. For example, P. equorum was most prevalent (26.21%) in 1 and 2 years old horses compared to the other ages [Figure 2] while Strongylus sp. (35.4%) were mostly found in horses of the age greater or equal to 7 years old. In contrast, A. magna was absent in animals of this age. In both sexes of horses [Figure 3], Strongylus sp. (20.5%) had the highest prevalence, followed by O. equi (19.0%), P. equorum (18.5%), Cyathostome sp. (12.5%), D. arnfieldi (6.4%), A. magna (6.4%), S. westeri (5.4%), T. axei (5%), Habronema sp. (4.7%) and Triodontophorus sp. (1.5%) [Figure 3]. P. equorum (19.7%), O. equi (19%), S. westeri (6.5%) and the cestode A. magna (7.6%) seem to have some preference for female horses. The tendency is reversed for Cyathostome sp. (13.7%), D. arnfieldi (7.5%), T. axei (7.0%) and Habronema sp. (5.9%). From this study, four types of parasitic associations were identified [Figure 4]. Quadruple infection (38.37%) was more frequent and involved P. equorum + O. equi + Strongylus sp. + A. magna (19.53%) in one hand, P. equorum + O. equi + Strongylus sp. + Cyathostoma sp. with similar prevalence on the other hand. This was followed by triple infection (32.88%) P. equorum + O. equi + Strongylus sp., double infection (21.03%) with D. arnfieldi + T. axei (21.82%), P. equorum + Strongylus sp. (11.17%), Cyathostoma sp. + Strongylus sp. (10.64%) and single infections (7.72%) with Strongylus sp. (65.21%), T. axei (14.49%), Cyathostoma sp. (8.7%), Habronema (5.8%), S. westeri (1.45%), D. arnfieldi (1.45%), P. equorum (1.45%) and O. equi (1.45%). The intensity of infection of helminths varies with the different ages of the animals [Figure 5] and the highest intensity was observed with Strongylus sp. (1846±1257) in horses with age equal or greater than 7 years. | Figure 1: Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths of horses per locality
Click here to view |
 | Figure 3: Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths in male and female horses
Click here to view |
| Discussion | | |
Nine and 1 species of Nematodes and Cestode were identified respectively following the methodology used, even though other parasites may have been present. Horses (100%) were infested with all type of parasites. Strongylus sp. was the most prevalent parasite in all localities, sexes, and age groups. This finding corroborates the one as [8],[9] in New Zealand and Turkey, respectively. They observed that, Strongyles are the threat of horses. The difference in species and number of parasites obtained in this study can be due to the fact that, horses are graze permanently on free-range exposing them to frequent infections. In addition, to the degree of domestication, some breeders don't follow the rules of livestock rearing which include good feeding, hygiene and prophylaxis. Some parasites identify in this work are equally found in ruminants, even though the majority of gastrointestinal helminths of horses are host-specific. [10] Part of this study shows that some parasite prefers female horses. This may be due to the production of some hormones. It was equally observed that the intensity of infection of these horses with respect to locality was generally moderate. The high prevalence and intensity of Strongylus sp. shows that there is a risk of infection with this parasite if young and old horses graze together in the same pasture. That is why in mono and poly-parasitic infections, Strongylus sp. had the highest prevalence. Mono-parasitic infection is relatively rare in horses, may be because they are large mammals with a large digestive tube. Poly-parasitic infection is favored by mutual and auto infections. These associations of parasites indicate that they are non-destructive to each other and are not competing amongst themselves. The effects of the presence of worms are not usually spectacular. However, they do cause decreased work efficiency, poor utilization of food, colic, and occasionally death due to blood clots. Some adult worms produce toxins that destroy red blood cells, leading to unthrifty anemic condition. [11] Immature worms migrate through body tissues, creating room for bacteria and fungi to enter, causing other serious diseases. [10]
| Conclusion | | |
The prevalence and intensity of infection of helminths is influenced by the origin, age, and sex of animals. As concerns the associations of gastrointestinal helminths, quadruple infection was more prevalent ( P≤ 0.05) compared to triple, double or single infection. Keeping the above information in view, we suggested to horse breeders that they should regularly contact veterinarians for prophylactic and curative treatment of their animals and also, pasture management should be strictly respected.
| Acknowledgments | | |
The authors wish to express their sincere thanks to all the horse breeders, butchers and veterinarians who contributed to the realization of this work. We also thank the Technicians of the Animal Health Laboratory and to Professor Zoli Pagnah for his support.
| References | | |
| 1. | Donato T. Parasites and Vectors; Equine Parasites: Diagnosis and Control - A Current Perspective. Available from: http: www.parasitesandvectors.com/content/2/S2/11. [Last accessed on 2009] 
|
| 2. | Pereira JR, Vianna SS. Gastrointestinal parasitic worms in equines in the Paraiba Valley, State of São Paulo, Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2006;140:289-95.
|
| 3. | Carolynn MA, David WF. Controlling common internal parasites of the horse. Division of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources. Oklahoma State University. Available from: http://osufacts.okstate.edu. [Last accessed on 2007]
|
| 4. | Githiori JB. Evaluation of anthelmintic properties of ethnoveterinary plants preparations used as livestock dewormers by pastoralist and small holder farmers in Kenya. Doctoral dissertation, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Publihealth. SLU. Acta Universitatis Agricultural Sueciae. Veterinaria 173; 2004. p. 76.
|
| 5. | Pervez K, Aftab J, Khan MS, Avais M, Khan JA. Prevalence and chemotherapy of ecto and endoparasites in range horses at Lahore-Pakistan. Int J Agric Biol 2005;7. Available from: http://www.ijab.org. [Last accessed on 2011 Oct 22].
|
| 6. | Euzeby J. Experimental diagnosis of animal helminthosis. Tome 1, Main- Street of Grenelle, 75015 Paris, France: Technical information of the veterinarians services, Ministry of Agriculture; 1982. p. 349.
|
| 7. | Thienpont D, Rochette F, Vanparijs OF. Diagnosing helminthiasis by coprological examination. Beerse Belgium: Janssen Reseach Foundation; 1979. p. 205
|
| 8. | Pomroy B. Horse internal parasites - how they get around and what they can do to your horse. Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences. New Zealand: Massey University; 2009. p. 100.
|
| 9. | Uslu U, Feyzullah G. Prevalence of endoparasites in horses and donkeys in Turkey. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy 2007;51:237-40.
|
| 10. | Stoltenow CL, Purdy CH. Internal Parasite of Horses, Extension Service North Dakota State University. Fargo, ND 58105. Available from: http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu. [Last accessed on 2003]
|
| 11. | Horse Science. Internal parasites of horses; 1989. p. 3.
|
[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5]
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Prevalence and degree of gastrointestinal nematode infection of horses (Equus caballus) used as public transport in Mataram city, Indonesia |
|
| K Tirtasari,C D Atma,C D Kholik | | IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2021; 712(1): 012023 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
Molecular identification of different Trichostrongylus species infecting sheep and goats from Dakahlia governorate, Egypt |
|
| Rana Elseadawy,Ibrahim Abbas,Moustafa Al-Araby,Salah Abu-Elwafa | | Journal of Parasitic Diseases. 2021; 45(1): 218 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
Complete mitochondrial genomes of Triodontophorus serratus and Triodontophorus nipponicus , and their comparison with Triodontophorus brevicauda |
|
| Jun-Feng Gao,Guo-Hua Liu,Hong Duan,Yuan Gao,Yan Zhang,Qiao-Cheng Chang,Ming Fang,Chun-Ren Wang | | Experimental Parasitology. 2017; 181: 88 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
Evidence-based considerations for control ofParascarisspp. infections in horses |
|
| M. K. Nielsen | | Equine Veterinary Education. 2016; 28(4): 224 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
The complete mitochondrial genome of Oxyuris equi: Comparison with other closely related species and phylogenetic implications |
|
| Yan Zhang,Wen-Wen Xu,Dong-Hui Guo,Ze-Xuan Liu,Hong Duan,Xin Su,Xue Fu,Dong-Mei Yue,Yuan Gao,Chun-Ren Wang | | Experimental Parasitology. 2015; 159: 215 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
 |
|
|
|
